Mitchell V. Wisconsin Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Mitchell v. Wisconsin Why Mitchell v. Wisconsin Sucked On June 11, 1993, the United State Supreme Court upheld Wisconsin?s penalty enhancement law, which imposes harsher sentences on criminals who ?intentionally select the person against whom the crime...is committed..because of the race, religion, color, disability, sexual orientation, national origin or ancestry of that person.? Chief Justice Rehnquist deliverd the opinion of the unanimous Court. This paper argues against the decision, and will attempt to prove the unconstitutionality of such penalty enhancement laws. On the evening of October 7, 1989, Mitchell and a group of young black men attacked and severely beat a lone white boy. The group had just finished watching the film ?Mississippi Burning?, in which a young black boy was, while praying, beaten by a white man. After the film, the group moved outside and Mitchell asked if they felt ?hyped up to move on some white people?. When the white boy approached Mitchell said, ?You all want to fuck somebody up? There goes a white boy, Go get him.? The boy was left unconscious, and remained in a coma for four days. Mitchell was convicted of aggravated battery, which carries a two year maximum sentence. The Wisconsin jury, however, found that because Mitchell selected his victim based on race, the penalty enhancement law allowed Mitchell to be sentenced to up to seven years. The jury sentenced Mitchell to four years, twice the maximum for the crime he committed without the penalty enhancement law. The U.S. Supreme Court?s ruling was faulty, and defied a number of precedents. The Wisconsin law is unconstitutional, and is essentially unenforceable. This paper primarily focuses on the constitutional arguments against Chief Justice Rehnquist?s decision and the statute itself, but will also consider the practical implications of the Wisconsin law, as well as a similar law passed under the new federal crime bill (Cacas, 32). The Wisconsin law and the new federal law are based on a model created by the Anti- Defemation League in response to a rising tide of hate-related violent crimes (Cacas, 33). Figures released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation show that 7,684 hate crimes motivated by race, religion, ethnicity, and sexual orientation were reported in 1993, up from 6,623 the previous year. Of those crimes in 1993, 62 percent were racially motivated (Cacas, 32). Certainly, this is a problem the nation must address. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court of the United States and both the Wisconsin and federal governments have chosen to address this problem in a way that is grossly unconstitutional. ?Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise therof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.? The most obvious arguments against the Mitchell decision are those dealing with the First Amendment. In fact, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the state statute was unconstitutional in their decision, which the U.S. Supreme Court overruled. The Wisconsim Supreme Court argued that the Wisconsin penalty enhancement statute, ?violates the First Amendment directly by punishing what the legislature has deemed offensive thought.? The Wisconsin Court also rejected the state?s argument ?that the statute punishes only the ?conduct? of intentional selection of a victim?. The Court?s contention was that ?the statute punishes the ?because of? aspect of the defendant?s selection, the reason the defendant selected the victim, the motive behind the selection.? The law is in fact a direct violation of the First Amendment, according to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, which said ?the Wisconsin legislature cannot criminalize bigoted thought with which it disagrees.? ?If there is a bedrock principal underlying the First Amendment, it is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable?. The Supreme Court was heard to utter such noble phrases as recently as 1989, in Texas v. Johnson. Unfortunately these idealistic principles seem to have been abandoned during Wisconsin v. Mitchell. Clearly, Mitchell?s act of assaulting another human is a punishable crime, and no one could logiacally argue that the First Amendment protects this clearly criminal action. However, the state?s power

Computer Science Vision Statement Essay Sample

Computer Science Vision Statement Essay SampleMany people, even with the best of intentions, make the mistake of failing to develop a computer science vision statement. Vision statements are very important because they help you think about the future and where you want your company to be in it. But how can you write one that will appeal to the reader?There are several elements to developing a computer science vision statement. First, you must understand what computer science is. It is the study of computation. There are many different forms of computation:This is the easiest to understand, but there are certain types of computation that are not as easy to understand. These are referred to as 'advanced' types of computation. Computation on these types are either essential or not as important to computation as computation on 'basic' types.Knowledge of these types will give you an idea of what these advanced types are and whether or not they are important to your company. Once you have this, you can begin to develop your vision statement by stating the characteristics of advanced types of computation.This is probably the most difficult aspect of developing a computer science vision statement. You need to take your knowledge of computers and study how they work. This will enable you to determine if you are able to use the computer science elements correctly. You will also have to know the types of computer science subjects that apply to your situation.As you begin to understand how computers work, you should begin to realize that there are some basic computer science elements that do not apply. However, it is possible to find a degree program in which you will have an interest in learning about these basic principles.It may be necessary to specialize to learn the more advanced concepts. If you wish to write a computer science vision statement for a company, then you may have to learn a few more advanced concepts. By specializing, you will be more prepared to write a vision statement for your company and enable yourself to develop a more accurate vision statement.The most important part of developing a computer science vision statement is to be clear about what you wish to achieve. Once you understand what you want to achieve in this field, then you will be able to develop a vision statement for your company. Not only that, but it will enable you to develop a vision statement that appeals to the reader.

Free Essays on Muhammad “The Prophet Of Allah“

MUHAMMAD â€Å"PROPHET OF ALLAH† Muhammad was born in the midst of conditions such as famine and economic chaos. He was born in 569 A.D. after Christ. His father, ‘Abdullah had dies some weeks earlier, and it was his grandfather who took charge over young Muhammad. According to the prevailing custom, Muhammad was entrusted to a Bedouin foster-mother, with whom he spent several years living in the desert. An interesting fact that almost foresaw Muhammad’s compassion was that when he was a baby he only breastfed off of one breast leaving the other for his foster-brother. This act was extraordinary and showed that he would be a leader and guide. When he was brought back home, his mother, Aminah, took him to his maternal uncles at Madinah to visit the tomb of his father. During the journey, he lost his mother who died a sudden death. At Mecca, another bereavement awaited him, in the death of his affectionate grandfather. Subjected to such privations, he was at the age of eight, consigned at last t o the care of his uncle, Abu-Talib, a man who was generous of nature but always short of resources and hardly able to provide for his family. Young Muhammad was therefore forced to start immediately to earn his livelihood. His first job at the age of ten was serving as a shepherd boy for some neighbors. He then traveled to Syria with his uncle. On this journey they traveled and lead a caravan. No other accounts of other travels between Muhammad and his uncle occur in any transcripts or texts. By the age of twenty-five Muhammad was already well known for his integrity of dispositions and the honesty of his character. He then met a woman. A rich widow that took him in her loving arm and consigned to him her goods to be taken for sale to Syria. Delighted with the unusual profits she obtained as also by the personal charms of her agent, she offered him her hand. They were then married. It is said that Muhammad was very happy w... Free Essays on Muhammad â€Å"The Prophet Of Allahâ€Å" Free Essays on Muhammad â€Å"The Prophet Of Allahâ€Å" MUHAMMAD â€Å"PROPHET OF ALLAH† Muhammad was born in the midst of conditions such as famine and economic chaos. He was born in 569 A.D. after Christ. His father, ‘Abdullah had dies some weeks earlier, and it was his grandfather who took charge over young Muhammad. According to the prevailing custom, Muhammad was entrusted to a Bedouin foster-mother, with whom he spent several years living in the desert. An interesting fact that almost foresaw Muhammad’s compassion was that when he was a baby he only breastfed off of one breast leaving the other for his foster-brother. This act was extraordinary and showed that he would be a leader and guide. When he was brought back home, his mother, Aminah, took him to his maternal uncles at Madinah to visit the tomb of his father. During the journey, he lost his mother who died a sudden death. At Mecca, another bereavement awaited him, in the death of his affectionate grandfather. Subjected to such privations, he was at the age of eight, consigned at last t o the care of his uncle, Abu-Talib, a man who was generous of nature but always short of resources and hardly able to provide for his family. Young Muhammad was therefore forced to start immediately to earn his livelihood. His first job at the age of ten was serving as a shepherd boy for some neighbors. He then traveled to Syria with his uncle. On this journey they traveled and lead a caravan. No other accounts of other travels between Muhammad and his uncle occur in any transcripts or texts. By the age of twenty-five Muhammad was already well known for his integrity of dispositions and the honesty of his character. He then met a woman. A rich widow that took him in her loving arm and consigned to him her goods to be taken for sale to Syria. Delighted with the unusual profits she obtained as also by the personal charms of her agent, she offered him her hand. They were then married. It is said that Muhammad was very happy w...

US War Operations in the Pacific Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US War Operations in the Pacific Theater - Essay Example In other words, American sentiment was basically isolationist. A sneak attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii was the catalyst which had turned this public sentiment into a war-like footing as people were aghast at the perfidy of the Japanese treachery while at the same time still negotiating the terms of a peace agreement. In retrospect, America was more or less not so well prepared but its entry into the Allied side of a world war turned the tide as America had great natural resources necessary to conduct a war. This paper explores and discusses the American operations in the Pacific theater in WWII. America's entry into the war was precipitated by the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941 (a beautiful Sunday morning) which caused heavy losses due to America being caught unawares of Japan's secret plans to control and conquer the British and Dutch colonial possessions in the Far East. Specifically, it was done as a preemptive strike at American naval forces by the Imperial General Headquarters of Japan to disable the American fleet; the attack was carried out by 353 fighters, bombers and torpedo planes launched on the Sunday when most American troops were out for church and other weekend activities. This attack was launched entirely from a naval battle group consisting of six aircraft carriers and it caused massive losses to America, which sunk four navy battleships and damaged four more. The aircraft destroyed was about 188 in total but American lives lost numbered to a staggering 2,402 killed and additional 1,282 servicemen wounded in what is called as a â⠂¬Å"Day of Infamy†. Japan had imperial colonial designs of her own and coveted the numerous colonies in the Far East owned by Britain and the Netherlands. However, the Japanese military strategists knew they could not possibly win a war of attrition against an enemy like the United States of America which is much bigger in terms of population and has vast natural resources needed to conduct a prolonged war. Only a preemptive strike will allow Japan to gain a temporary initial advantage long enough for it to consolidate its gains and obtain access to the natural resources which it jealously covets such as oil, rubber, iron, gold and other minerals. The two European countries of Great Britain and the Netherlands were preoccupied with the war in Europe and so left their Asian colonies vulnerable with only minimal defenses, such as Singapore that fell into Japanese hands after a very short conquest. America was perceived by the Japanese as the only credible threat in the Pacific a rea due to the presence of its naval forces at Hawaii. Some of the Japanese military planners had been initially reluctant to draw America into this war; a main concern was not to awaken a sleeping giant with serious consequences for the whole of Japan if in case the war drags on (Fitzgerald 13) but almost everyone agreed it was necessary for Japan to strike first. It was a military victory but a huge political mistake on Japan's part. It gained for Japan about 6 months of advantage to enable it to at first dominate the Pacific war. Although American soldiers stationed at the Hawaii naval base at Oahu knew war is only a matter of time, no one expected it so soon and were caught with their pants down, so to speak. The sneak attack had angered American citizens and galvanized public opinion towards ultimate involvement in a war Americans did not want. America had to play catch up and the United

Write a report that encourages a IT company(your own company) to adopt Essay

Write a report that encourages a IT company(your own company) to adopt a policy that prevent internet misuse at workplace - Essay Example The result is that information that employees might prefer to keep confidential may be exchanged over the employers network. Answers to these questions are, obviously, well beyond the scope of this article, but the questions do serve to highlight some of the issues that may concern employees about having their online activities monitored at work, and give some insight into the kind of interests for which employees might believe that they are entitled to legal protection of their privacy. In May of 2001 one group of employees, after discovering that their e-mail and Internet use was being monitored, even ordered staff to disable the monitoring software. (Bassett, 2002, para. 8) I think they were right, because the employer did not let them know about the monitoring software, and there wasn’t any Internet use policy in the company. Also reputation of the company may suffer from thoughtless employees’ activities. Hines and Cramer consider reputation as a key component of any organization’s intellectual asset portfolio. Damage to reputation can mean huge differences in customer allegiance, shareholder confidence, sales and the bottom line. (Hines and Cramer, 2003, p.1) Really, employees can use Internet to disparage their existing or former employer. Internet chat rooms, bulletin boards, live journals and other Web sites can be used for this. They provide opportunity to communicate anonymously, at no cost and to an unlimited audience. Hines and Cramer note that technical and financial risk management tools are relatively ineffective for protecting reputation, and corporate defamation is frequently caused by existing or former employees, and that’s why organizations should focus more on protecting valuable reputation assets through the normative control – specifically, improved employment practices and education of employees. (Hines and Cramer, 2003, p.2) In a recent survey of 224 firms that utilized monitoring

The Role Of Hrm Essay Example for Free

The Role Of Hrm Essay Suddenly, he has pleaded guilty to charges that are likely to land him in prison for 10 years, forfeited $29 million he personally made from operating the off-balance-sheet entities, and agreed to fully co-operate with the prosecutors. What caused Fastow’s about-turn was the likely indictment of his wife, Lea Fastow. The only condition he made for his plea bargain was that he and his wife should not go to prison at the same time. He wanted to ensure that his two children had at least one parent at home. Basically, he sacriï ¬ ced his self-interest, as he saw it, to protect the interests of his children and, to a lesser extent, those of his wife, who was also his high-school sweetheart. This was the same Andrew Fastow who designed Enron’s entire management system around a ï ¬ rm faith that employees pursued only their own self-interest. ‘You must allow people to eat what they hunt,’ he used to say, ‘only then will they hunt well.’ It was this philosophy that made Enron adopt one of the most extreme systems of individual incentives: when you started a new venture within Enron, you got phantom stocks relevant only to your venture. As long as your efforts made money, you got rich, irrespective of what happened to other parts of the company. As a result, everyone in Enron, including Fastow, acted like hunters – looking out only for themselves. The results of such behaviour are now well known. This is an interesting contrast, and it is by no means unusual. Most managers know that they themselves, and most other people, care about others close to them in their personal lives – their children, old friends, perhaps even some of their neighbours – and that they would happily incur some costs to help these people. At the same time, they also believe that, at work, people care only about their own self-interest. Even if they do not explicitly believe that, they design their companies’ organisational and managerial processes as if the motivation to voluntarily help others has no role in the ofï ¬ ce or the factory. The facts are clear. Most people pursue their self-interest. At the same time, except for a pathological few, most people also have an innate preference for helping others. And they like to help others not just as a means to further their own self-interest but also as an end in itself. This is equally true for people’s personal and work lives. Also, this is not something as grand as altruism; it’s much more mundane than that – it’s how just all of us ordinary folks are. What would happen if senior managers recognised that it was possible to build an organisation in which people derived as much joy from the success of others as from their own success, and designed their management processes accordingly? It would vastly change those processes. As an example, make a quick inventory of your HR processes and put them into two categories: those that reinforce the self-interest-seeking behaviours of people, and those that support their helping others. Look at concrete processes and mechanisms, not abstractions like values which, unless translated and embedded in speciï ¬ c practices, have little effect on behaviours. How long are the two lists? Can you do something to rebalance them? One possible difï ¬ culty you may face is that you do not quite know what you can do to support the more co-operative behaviours. For example, what speciï ¬ c kind of incentive systems might you use? What kind of decision-making processes can you adopt? Structurally, too, what can you do to hardwire non-selï ¬ shness – which is not at all the same thing as becoming a saint and not the obverse of self-sacriï ¬ ce – in your organisation? These are among the key questions that we, fellows of the Advanced Institute of Management Research, will be trying to answer. Much of the existing management research makes the same assumption as Fastow made about what motivates people at work. We will question and ENRON: SOMETHING’S GOT TO GIVE broaden these assumptions with the aim of coming up with rigorously researched theories that are not victims of pessimism about people, and that will, we hope, help you build highperformance organisations that are also delightful to work in. Watch this space. Source: Sumantra Ghoshal, People Management, 12 February 2004, p. 23. Discussion questions 1 What is the point of HR if employees are only out to serve themselves? 2 What role could the HR manager play in building an organisation that celebrates the success of others rather than individuals? The opening vignette gives a disturbing view of management practices. Enron encouraged employees to lose sight of organisational goals, in an attempt to serve their own goals. The chief ï ¬ nancial ofï ¬ cer of Enron, Andrew Fastow, encouraged self-interest by offering employees shares, which reï ¬â€šected the value of the business they brought to the company. The result: a culture of selï ¬ shness, which encouraged greed and ultimately destroyed the company. As an HR manager, your role in organisations will not be solely related to the concrete mechanisms of human resource management, such as the functions, but also abstract values, such as culture. Whether you work as a supervisor in a supermarket with responsibility for the checkout operators, the general manager of the local branch of a multinational bank, the union representative for a major airline or the director of HRM in a technology organisation, you will be responsible for managing people. You may have decided to choose people management because you have a love of people, but empathy for people is not necessarily what makes human resource practitioners effective. According to Hunt (1999), what is important for HR managers, is an understanding of the structures and climate in which people’s potential can be released, developed and rewarded. Andrew Fastow of Enron, although misguided, discovered this in his famous quote: ‘You must allow people to eat what they hunt – only then will they hunt well.’ However, he failed to understand the necessity of developing the whole organisation and the results are history. The Enron view of people management is not the view taken by all organisations. The John Lewis Partnership, for instance, also believes in giving its employees, or ‘partners’ as they are referred to by the company, a stake in the organisation. It achieves this by encouraging workers to co-operate to fulï ¬ l the company’s aims. In turn, employees are rewarded with a share of the proï ¬ ts. This book introduces you to the role of the people manager and human resource specialist. It also should be useful for general managers wanting to successfully manage and develop their employees. The book is designed not only to introduce you to the underlying theories and concepts that inform human resource practitioners but also to current practices necessary for the functions of HRM. At the moment, human resources (HR) is in a constant state of change, with Hunt (1999) suggesting that one of the following could happen. Human resources goes into decline – outsourcing and downsizing has removed the HR specialist from organisations and placed the HR role with the overworked line manager.

Tupacs life :: essays research papers

On June 16, 1971, Tupac (born Lesane Parish Crooks) was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was named after an Inca Indian revolutionary: Tupac Amaru means "shining serpent", and Shakur is arabic for "thankful to God". Tupac was the son of the politcal activist Alice Faye Williams (Afeni Shakur). She was a member if the Black Panther Party. Tupac grew up without knowing that his biological father was still alive. Afeni moves in with Mutulu Shakur who becomes Tupac's stepfather and confidant for the rest of his life. Tupac accepted him as a father figure. At the age of 12 Tupac found a passion for acting and writing poetry. Afeni enrolls him in a Harlem theater group. Tupac plays Travis in 'A Raisin the Sun' as his first performance. Unfortunately, Tupac was unable to continue his training, and moved with his family to Marin City (The Jungle), California. He has been quoted saying "Leaving that school affected me so much, I see as the point where I got off track". The man side began to come out of Tupac as he now began to hang with the wrong crowd. Tupac changed out his alias MC New York with a new one, 2Pac. He rapped with Ray Luv in a group called "Strictly Dope". They perform in small shows for people around the neighborhood. Tupac auditions for Greg Jacobs (Shock G) of the group Digital Underground. Tupac joins the group as a roadie, dancer and as a rapper. He toured with Digital Underground, instead of waiting around for them to get back in town to work on his album, he preferred to travel with them to kill time. He appeared on several songs with Digital Underground including "Same Song", "DFLO Shuffle", and "Wassup Wit Tha Luv". Nothing could have stopped this man, he was on top of the world making movies and receiving good reviews and getting better acting jobs. Three days after he finished making "All Eyez On Me" Tupac began work on Makaveli: The Don Killuminati". Tupac never lived to see the album being put out. He died due to gunshot wounds. He and Suge Knight were attending the Mike Tyson Vs Bruce Seldom fight at the MGM Grand In Las Vegas, Nevada on the September the 7th, 1996. After the fight in the lobby, one of the staff from Death Row spotted Orlando Anderson. He was a crip who stole one of Death Row's chains.